Índice

TABLE of Contents


Part 1000 INTRODUCTION
1010 INTRODUCTION, p. 1-1
A. Scope and Application of Methods, p. 1-1
B. Statistics, p. 1-1
C. Terminology, p. 1-4
D. Dilution/Concentration Operations, p. 1-5
1020 QUALITY ASSURANCE, p. 1-6
A. Introduction, p. 1-6
B. Quality Control, p. 1-7
C. Quality Assessment, p. 1-15
1030 DATA QUALITY, p. 1-16
A. Introduction, p. 1-16
B. Measurement Uncertainty, p. 1-17
C. Method Detection Level, p. 1-20
D. Data Quality Objectives, p. 1-21
E. Checking Analyses’ Correctness, p. 1-23
1040 METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION, p. 1-25
A. Introduction, p. 1-25
B. Method Validation, p. 1-25
C. Collaborative Testing, p. 1-27
1050 EXPRESSION OF RESULTS, p. 1-28
A. Units, p. 1-28
B. Significant Figures, p. 1-35
C. Other Considerations, p. 1-37
1060 COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION OF SAMPLES, p. 1-38
A. Introduction, p. l-38
B. Collection of Samples, p. 1-40
C. Sample Storage and Preservation, p. 1-46
1080 REAGENT WATER, p. 1-47
A. Introduction, p. 1-47
B. Methods for Preparing Reagent-Grade Water, p. 1-48
C. Reagent Water Quality, p. 1-49
1090 LABORATORY OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY, p. 1-50
A. Introduction, p. 1-50
B. Safe Laboratory Practices, p. 1-51
C. Laboratory Facility/Fixed Equipment, p. 1-56
D. Hazard Evaluation, p. 1-57
E. Personal Protective Equipment, p. 1-58
F. Worker Protection Medical Program, p. 1-61
G. Provisions for Work with Particularly Hazardous Substances, p. 1-62
H. Biological Safety, p. 1-62
I. Radiological Safety, p. 1-63
J. Chemical Hygiene Plan, p. 1-66
K. Mercury Use Avoidance in Laboratory, p. 1-67
1100 WASTE MINIMIZATION AND DISPOSAL, p. 1-67
A. Introduction, p. 1-67

B. Waste Minimization, p. l-67
C. Waste Treatment and Disposal, p. 1-68

Part 2000 PHYSICAL & AGGREGATE PROPERTIES
2010 INTRODUCTION, p. 2-1
2020 QUALITY ASSURANCE/QUALITY CONTROL , p. 2-1
A. Introduction, p. 2-1
B. Quality Control Practices, p. 2-1
2110 APPEARANCE, p. 2-5
2120 COLOR, p. 2-5
A. Introduction, p. 2-5
B. Visual Comparison Method, p. 2-6
C. Spectrophotometric—Single-Wavelength Method (PROPOSED), p. 2-7
D. Spectrophotometric—Multi-Wavelength Method, p. 2-8
E. Tristimulus Spectrophotometric Method, p. 2-11
F. ADMI Weighted-Ordinate Spectrophotometric Method, p. 2-11
2130 TURBIDITY, p. 2-12
A. Introduction, p. 2-12
B. Nephelometric Method, p. 2-13
2150 ODOR, p. 2-15
A. Introduction, p. 2-15
B. Threshold Odor Test, p. 2-16
C. Total Intensity of Odor (PROPOSED), p. 2-20
2160 TASTE, p. 2-22
A. Introduction, p. 2-22
B. Flavor Threshold Test (FTT), p. 2-22
C. Flavor Rating Assessment (FRA),p. 2-24
2170 FLAVOR PROFILE ANALYSIS, p. 2-25
A. Introduction, p. 2-25
B. Flavor Profile Analysis, p. 2-26
2310 ACIDITY, p. 2-33
A. Introduction, p. 2-33
B. Titration Method, p. 2-34
2320 ALKALINITY, p. 2-36
A. Introduction, p. 2-36
B. Titration Method, p. 2-37
2330 CALCIUM CARBONATE SATURATION, p. 2-39
A. Introduction, p. 2-39
B. Indices Indicating a Water’s Tendency to Precipitate or Dissolve CaC03, p. 2-41
C. Indices Predicting the Quantity of CaC03 That Can Be Precipitated or Dissolved, p. 2-45
D. Graphical and Computer Methods for CaC03 Indices, p. 2-46

2340 HARDNESS, p. 2-48
A. Introduction, p. 2-48
B. Hardness by Calcination, p. 2-48
C. EDTA Titrimetric Method, p. 2-48
2350 OXIDANT DEMAND/REQUIREMENT, p. 2-51
A. Introduction, p. 2-51
B. Chlorine Demand/Requirement, p. 2-52
C. Chlorine Dioxide Demand/Requirement, p. 2-53
D. Ozone Demand/Requirement—Batch Method, p. 2-54
E. Ozone Demand/Requirement—Semi-Batch Method, p. 2-55
2510 CONDUCTIVITY, p. 2-56
A. Introduction, p. 2-56
B. Laboratory Method, p. 2-58
2520 SALINITY, p. 2-59
A. Introduction, p. 2-59
B. Electrical Conductivity Method, p. 2-60
C. Density Method, p. 2-61
D. Algorithm of Practical Salinity, p. 2-62
2530 FLOATABLES, p. 2-62
A. Introduction, p. 2-62
B. Particulate Floatables, p. 2-63
C. Trichlorotrifluoroethane-Soluble Floatable Oil and Grease, p. 2-65
2540 SOLIDS, p. 2-66
A. Introduction, p. 2-66
B. Total Solids Dried at 103-105°C, p. 2-68
C. Total Dissolved Solids Dried at 180°C, p. 2-69
D. Total Suspended Solids Dried at 103-105 °C, p. 2-70
E. Fixed and Volatile Solids Ignited at 550°C, p. 2-71
F. Settleable Solids, p. 2-72
G. Total, Fixed, and Volatile Solids in Solid and Semisolid Samples , p. 2-13
2550 TEMPERATURE, p. 2-14
A. Introduction, p. 2-14
B. Laboratory and Field Methods, p. 2-74
2560 PARTICLE COUNTING AND SIZE DISTRIBUTION, p. 2-75
A. Introduction, p. 2-75
B. Electrical Sensing Zone Method, p. 2-79
C. Light-Blockage Methods, p. 2-80
D. Light-Scattering Method, p. 2-81
2570 ASBESTOS, p. 2-83
A. Introduction, p. 2-83
B. Transmission Electron Microscopy Method , p. 2-83
2580 OXIDATION-REDUCTION POTENTIAL (ORP), p. 2-88
A. Introduction, p. 2-88
B. Oxidation-Reduction Potential Measurement in Clean Water, p. 2-89
2710 TESTS ON SLUDGES, p. 2-92
A. Introduction, p. 2-92

B. Oxygen-Consumption Rate, p. 2-92
C. Settled Sludge Volume, p. 2-93
D. Sludge Volume Index, p. 2-94
E. Zone Settling Rate, p. 2-95
F. Specific Gravity, p. 2-96
G. Capillary Suction Time, p. 2-96
H. Time-to-Filter, p. 2-98
I. Modified Settled Sludge Volume, p. 2-99
2720 ANAEROBIC SLUDGE DIGESTER GAS ANALYSIS, p. 2-100
A. Introduction, p. 2-100
B. Volumetric Method, p. 2-101
C. Gas Chromatographic Method, p. 2-102
2810 DISSOLVED GAS SUPERSATURATION, p. 2-105
A. Introduction, p. 2-105
B. Direct-Sensing Membrane-Diffusion Method, p. 2-105

Part 3000 METALS
3010 INTRODUCTION, p. 3-1
A. General Discussion, p. 3-1
B. Sampling and Sample Preservation, p. 3-1
C. General Precautions, p. 3-3
3020 QUALITY ASSURANCE/QUALITY CONTROL, p. 3-3
A. Introduction, p. 3-3
B. Quality Control Practices, p. 3-4
3030 PRELIMINARY TREATMENT OF SAMPLES, p. 3-7
A. Introduction, p. 3-7
B. Filtration for Dissolved and Suspended Metals, p. 3-8
C. Treatment for Acid-Extractable Metals, p. 3-9
D. Digestion for Metals, p. 3-9
E. Nitric Acid Digestion, p. 3-10
F. Nitric Acid-Hydrochloric Acid Digestion, p. 3-11
G. Nitric Acid-Sulfuric Acid Digestion, p. 3-12
H. Nitric Acid-Perchloric Acid Digestion, p. 3-12
I. Nitric Acid-Perchloric Acid-Hydrofluoric Acid Digestion, p. 3-13
J. Dry Ashing, p. 3-13
K. Microwave-Assisted Digestion, p. 3-13
3110 METALS BY ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY, p. 3-15
3111 METALS BY FLAME ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY, p. 3-16
A. Introduction, p. 3-16
B. Direct Air-Acetylene Flame Method, p. 3-20
C. Extraction/Air-Acetylene Flame Method, p. 3-22
D. Direct Nitrous Oxide-Acetylene Flame Method, p. 3-23
E. Extraction/Nitrous Oxide-Acetylene Flame Method, p. 3-24
3112 METALS BY COLD-VAPOR ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY, p. 3-25
A. Introduction, p. 3-25
B. Cold-Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Method, p. 3-25
3113 METALS BY ELECTROTHERMAL ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY, p. 3-27
A. Introduction, p. 3-27
B. Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Method, p. 3-30
3114 ARSENIC AND SELENIUM BY HYDRIDE GENERATION/ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY, p. 3-36
A. Introduction, p. 3-36
B. Manual Hydride Generation/Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Method, p. 3-36
C. Continuous Hydride Generation/Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Method, p. 3-40
3120 METALS BY PLASMA EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY, p. 3-42
A. Introduction, p. 3-42
B. Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) Method, p. 3-42
3125 METALS BY INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA-MASS SPECTROMETRY, p. 3-48
A. Introduction, p. 3-48
B. Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) Method, p. 3-49
3130 METALS BY ANODIC STRIPPING VOLTAMMETRY, p. 3-59
A. Introduction, p. 3-59
B. Determination of Lead, Cadmium, and Zinc, p. 3-59
3500-A1 ALUMINUM, p. 3-63
A. Introduction, p. 3-63
B. Eriochrome Cyanine R Method, p. 3-63
3500-As ARSENIC, p. 3-66
A. Introduction, p. 3-66
B. Silver Diethyldithiocarbamate Method, p. 3-67
3500-Ca CALCIUM, p. 3-69
A. Introduction, p. 3-69
B. EDTA Titrimetric Method, p. 3-69
3500-Cr CHROMIUM, p. 3-70
A. Introduction, p. 3-70
B. Colorimetric Method, p. 3-71
C. Ion Chromatographic Method, p. 3-73
3500-Cu COPPER, p. 3-76
A. Introduction, p. 3-76
B. Neocuproine Method, p. 3-76
C. Bathocuproine Method, p. 3-78
3500-Fe IRON, p. 3-79
A. Introduction, p. 3-79
B. Phenanthroline Method, p. 3-80
3500-Pb LEAD, p. 3-82
A. Introduction, p. 3-82
B. Dithizone Method, p. 3-83
3500-Li LITHIUM, p. 3-85

A. Introduction, p. 3-85
B. Flame Emission Photometric Method, p. 3-85
3500-Mg MAGNESIUM, P. 3-86
A. Introduction, p. 3-86
B. Calculation Method, p. 3-86
3500-Mn MANGANESE, p. 3-87
A. Introduction, p. 3-87
B. Persulfate Method, p. 3-87
3500-K POTASSIUM, p. 3-89
A. Introduction, p. 3-89
B. Flame Photometric Method, p. 3-89
C. Potassium-Selective Electrode Method, p. 3-90
3500-Se SELENIUM, p. 3-91
A. Introduction, p. 3-91
B. Sample Preparation, p. 3-93
C. Colorimetric Method, p. 3-95
D. Determination of Volatile Selenium, p. 3-96
E. Determination of Nonvolatile Organic Selenium Compounds, p. 3-97
3500-Na SODIUM, p. 3-99
A. Introduction, p. 3-99
B. Flame Emission Photometric Method, p. 3-99
3500-Sr STRONTIUM, p. 3-101
A. Introduction, p. 3-101
B. Flame Emission Photometric Method, p. 3-101
3500-V VANADIUM, p. 3-103
A. Introduction, p. 3-103
B. Gallic Acid Method, p. 3-103
3500-Zn ZINC, p. 3-104
A. Introduction, p. 3-104
B. Zincon Method, p. 3-105
3500 OTHER METALS, p. 3-106
3500-Sb ANTIMONY, p. 3-106
3500-Ba BARIUM, p. 3-106
3500-Be BERYLLIUM, p. 3-107
3500-Bi BISMUTH, p. 3-107
3500-B BORON, p. 3-107
3500-Cd CADMIUM, p. 3-107
3500-Cs CESIUM, p. 3-108
3500-Co COBALT, p. 3-108
3500-Ga GALLIUM, p. 3-108
3500-Ge GERMANIUM, p. 3-109
3500-Au GOLD, p. 3-109
3500-In INDIUM, p. 3-109
3500-Ir IRIDIUM, p. 3-109
3500-Hg MERCURY, P. 3-110
3500-Mo MOLYBDENUM, p. 3-110
3500-Ni NICKEL, p. 3-110
3500-Os OSMIUM, p. 3-111
3500-Pd PAL LADIUM, P. 3-111
3500-Pt PLATINUM, p. 3-111
3500-Re RHENIUM, p. 3-111
3500-Rh RHODIUM, p. 3-112
3500-Ru RUTHENIUM, p. 3-112
3500-Ag SILVER, p. 3-112

3500-Te TELLURIUM, p. 3-113
3500-Tl THALLIUM, p. 3-113
3500-Th THORIUM, p. 3-113
3500-Sn TIN, p. 3-113
3500-Ti TITANIUM, p. 3-114
3500-U URANIUM, p. 3-114

Part 4000 INORGANIC NONMETALLIC CONSTITUENTS
4010 INTRODUCTION, p. 4-1
4020 QUALITY ASSURANCE/QUALITY CONTROL, p. 4-1
A. Introduction, p. 4-1
B. Quality Control Practices, p. 4-1
4110 DETERMINATION OF ANIONS BY ION CHROMATOGRAPHY, p. 4-7
A. Introduction, p. 4-7
B. Ion Chromatography with Chemical Suppression of Eluent Conductivity, p. 4-7
C. Single-Column Ion Chromatography with Direct Conductivity Detection, p. 4-10
D. Ion Chromatographic Determination of Oxyhalides and Bromide, p. 4-11
4120 SEGMENTED CONTINUOUS FLOW ANALYSIS, p. 4-14
A. Introduction, p. 4-14
B. Segmented Flow Analysis Method, p. 4-15
4130 INORGANIC NONMETALS BY FLOW INJECTION ANALYSIS, p. 4-16
A. Introduction, p. 4-16
B. Quality Control, p. 4-17
4140 INORGANIC ANIONS BY CAPILLARY ION ELECTROPHORESIS, p. 4-17
A. Introduction, p. 4-17
B. Capillary Ion Electrophoresis with Indirect UV Detection, p. 4-17
4500-B BORON, p. 4-27
A. Introduction, p. 4-27
B. Curcumin Method, p. 4-27
C. Carmine Method, p. 4-29
4500-Br- BROMIDE, p. 4-30
A. Introduction, p. 4-30
B. Phenol Red Colorimetric Method, p. 4-30
C. (Reserved), p. 4-31
D. Flow Injection Analysis, p. 4-31
4500-C02 CARBON DIOXIDE, p. 4-32
A. Introduction, p. 4-32
B. Nomographic Determination of Free Carbon Dioxide and the Three Forms of Alkalinity, p. 4-33
C. Titrimetric Method for Free Carbon Dioxide, p. 4-33
D. Carbon Dioxide and Forms of Alkalinity by Calculation, p. 4-38
4500-CN- CYANIDE, p. 4-39
A. Introduction, p. 4-39

B. Preliminary Treatment of Samples, p. 4-41
C. Total Cyanide after Distillation, p. 4-44
D. Titrimetric Method, p. 4-45
E. Colorimetric Method, p. 4-46
F. Cyanide-Ion Selective Electrode Method, p. 4-48
G. Cyanides Amenable to Chlorination after Distillation, p. 4-49
H. Cyanides Amenable to Chlorination without Distillation (Short-Cut Method), p. 4-50
I. Weak Acid Dissociable Cyanide, p. 4-52
J. Cyanogen Chloride, p. 4-53
K. Spot Test for Sample Screening, p. 4-54
L. Cyanates, p. 4-55
M. Thiocyanate, p. 4-56
N. Total Cyanide after Distillation, by Flow Injection Analysis, p. 4-58
O. Total Cyanide and Weak Acid Dissociable Cyanide by Flow Injection Analysis, p. 4-60
4500-Cl CHLORINE (RESIDUAL), p. 4-61
A. Introduction, p. 4-61
B. Iodometric Method I, p. 4-63
C. Iodometric Method II, p. 4-65
D. Amperometric Titration Method, p. 4-67
E. Low-Level Amperometric Titration Method, p. 4-69
F. DPD Ferrous Titrimetric Method, p. 4-69
G. DPD Colorimetric Method, p. 4-72
H. Syringaldazine (FACTS) Method, p. 4-73
I. Iodometric Electrode Technique, p. 4-74
4500-Cl- CHLORIDE, p. 4-75
A. Introduction, p. 4-75
B. Argentometric Method, p. 4-75
C. Mercuric Nitrate Method, p. 4-76
D. Potentiometric Method, p. 4-77
E. Automated Ferricyanide Method, p. 4-79
F. (Reserved), p. 4-80
G. Mercuric Thiocyanate Flow Injection Analysis, p. 4-80
4500-Cl02 CHLORINE DIOXIDE, p. 4-82
A. Introduction, p. 4-82
B. Iodometric Method, p. 4-82
C. Amperometric Method I, p. 4-83
D. (Reserved), p. 4-84
E. Amperometric Method II, p. 4-84
4500-F- FLUORIDE, p. 4-86
A. Introduction, p. 4-86
B. Preliminary Distillation Step, p. 4-87
C. Ion-Selective Electrode Method, p. 4-89
D. SPADNS Method, p. 4-90
E. Complexone Method, p. 4-91
F. (Reserved), p. 4-92

G. Ion-Selective Electrode Flow Injection Analysis, p. 4-92
4500-H+ PH VALUE, p. 4-95
A. Introduction, p. 4-95
B. Electrometric Method, p. 4-95
4500-I IODINE, p. 4-100
A. Introduction, p. 4-100
B. Leuco Crystal Violet Method, p. 4-100
C. Amperometric Titration Method, p. 4-102
4500-I- IODIDE, p. 4-102
A. Introduction, p. 4-102
B. Leuco Crystal Violet Method, p. 4-103
C. Catalytic Reduction Method, p. 4-104
D. Voltammetric Method, p. 4-105
4500-I03_ IODATE, p. 4-107
A. Introduction, p. 4-107
B. Polarographie Method, p. 4-107
4500-N NITROGEN, P. 4-108
A. Introduction, p. 4-108
B. In-Line UV/Persulfate Digestion and Oxidation with Flow Injection Analysis, p. 4-109
C. Persulfate Method, p. 4-110
D. Conductimetric Determination of Inorganic Nitrogen, p. 4-112
4500-NH3 NITROGEN (AMMONIA), p. 4-114
A. Introduction, p. 4-114
B. Preliminary Distillation Step, p. 4-114
C. Titrimetric Method, p. 4-116
D. Ammonia-Selective Electrode Method, p. 4-117
E. Ammonia-Selective Electrode Method Using Known Addition, p. 4-118
F. Phenate Method, p. 4-119
G. Automated Phenate Method, p. 4-120
H. Flow Injection Analysis, p. 4-122
4500-N02- NITROGEN (NITRITE), p. 4-124
A. Introduction, p. 4-124
B. Colorimetric Method, p. 4-124
4500-N03_ NITROGEN (NITRATE), p. 4-126
A. Introduction, p. 4-126
B. Ultraviolet Spectrophotometric Screening Method, p. 4-127
C. Second-Derivative Ultraviolet Spectrophotometric Method, p. 4-128
D. Nitrate Electrode Method, p. 4-129
E. Cadmium Reduction Method, p. 4-131
F. Automated Cadmium Reduction Method, p. 4-133
G. (Reserved), p. 4-134
H. Automated Hydrazine Reduction Method, p. 4-135
I. Cadmium Reduction Flow Injection Method, p. 4-136
4500-Norg NITROGEN (ORGANIC), p. 4-138
A. Introduction, p. 4-138

B. Macro-Kjeldahl Method, p. 4-139
C. Semi-Micro-Kjeldahl Method, p. 4-140
D. Block Digestion and Flow Injection Analysis, p. 4-142
4500-0 OXYGEN (DISSOLVED), p. 4-144
A. Introduction, p. 4-144
B. Iodometric Methods, p. 4-144
C. Azide Modification, p. 4-146
D. Permanganate Modification, p. 4-148
E. Alum Flocculation Modification, p. 4-149
F. Copper Sulfate-Sulfamic Acid Flocculation Modification, p. 4-149
G. Membrane-Electrode Method, p. 4-149
H. Optical-Probe Method, p. 4-153
4500-03 OZONE (RESIDUAL), p. 4-154
A. Introduction, p. 4-154
B. Indigo Colorimetric Method, p. 4-154
4500-P PHOSPHORUS, p. 4-156
A. Introduction, p. 4-156
B. Sample Preparation, p. 4-160
C. Vanadomolybdophosphoric Acid Colorimetric Method, p. 4-161
D. Stannous Chloride Method, p. 4-163
E. Ascorbic Acid Method, p. 4-164
F. Automated Ascorbic Acid Reduction Method, p. 4-165
G. Flow Injection Analysis for Orthophosphate, p. 4-166
H. Manual Digestion and Flow Injection Analysis for Total Phosphorus, p. 4-168
I. In-line UV/Persulfate Digestion and Flow Injection Analysis for Total Phosphorus, p. 4-169
J. Persulfate Method for Simultaneous Determination of Total Nitrogen and Total Phosphorus, p. 4-170
4500-KMnO4 POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE, p. 4-173
A. Introduction, p. 4-173
B. Spectrophotometric Method, p. 4-173
4500-SiO2 SILICA, p. 4-174
A. Introduction, p. 4-174
B. (Reserved), p. 4-175
C. Molybdosilicate Method, p. 4-175
D. Heteropoly Blue Method, p. 4-177
E. Automated Method for Molybdate-Reactive Silica, p. 4-179
F. Flow Injection Analysis for Molybdate-Reactive Silicate, p. 4-179
4500-S2- SULFIDE, p. 4-181
A. Introduction, p. 4-181
B. Separation of Soluble and Insoluble Sulfides, p. 4-183
C. Sample Pretreatment to Remove Interfering Substances or to Concentrate the Sulfide, p. 4-183

D. Methylene Blue Method, p. 4-184
E. Gas Dialysis, Automated Methylene

Blue Method, p. 4-185
F. Iodometric Method, p. 4-187
G. Ion-Selective Electrode Method, p. 4-187
H. Calculation of Un-ionized Hydrogen Sulfide, p. 4-189
I. Distillation, Methylene Blue Flow Injection Analysis Method, p. 4-192
J. Acid-Volatile Sulfide, p. 4-193
4500-S032- SULFITE, p. 4-194
A. Introduction, p. 4-194
B. Iodometric Method, p. 4-194
C. Phenanthroline Method, p. 4-195
4500-S042_ SULFATE, p. 4-197
A. Introduction, p. 4-197
B. (Reserved), p. 4-197
C. Gravimetric Method with Ignition of Residue, p. 4-197
D. Gravimetric Method with Drying of Residue, p. 4-199
E. Turbidimetric Method, p. 4-199
F. Automated Methylthymol Blue Method, p. 4-200
G. Methylthymol Blue Flow Injection Analysis, p. 4-201

Part 5000 AGGREGATE ORGANIC CONSTITUENTS
5010 INTRODUCTION, p. 5-1
A. General Discussion, p. 5-1
B. Sample Collection and Preservation, p. 5-1
5020 QUALITY ASSURANCE/QUALITY CONTROL, p. 5-1
A. Introduction, p. 5-1
B. Quality Control Practices, p. 5-2
5210 BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD), p. 5-5
A. Introduction, p. 5-5
B. 5-Day BOD Test, p. 5-6
C. Ultimate BOD Test, p. 5-11
D. Respirometric Method, p. 5-14
5220 CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (COD), p. 5-17
A. Introduction, p. 5-17
B. Open Reflux Method, p. 5-18
C. Closed Reflux, Titrimetric Method, p. 5-20
D. Closed Reflux, Colorimetric Method, p. 5-21
5310 TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON (TOC), p. 5-23
A. Introduction, p. 5-23
B. High-Temperature Combustion Method, p. 5-26
C. Persulfate-Ultraviolet or Heated-Persulfate Oxidation Method, p. 5-29
D. (Reserved), p. 5-31
5320 DISSOLVED ORGANIC HALOGEN, p. 5-31
A. Introduction, p. 5-31
B. Adsorption-Pyrolysis-Titrimetric Method, p. 5-32

5510 AQUATIC HUMIC SUBSTANCES, p. 5-38
A. Introduction, p. 5-38
B. Diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) Method, p. 5-38
C. XAD Method, p. 5-40
5520 OIL AND GREASE, p. 5-41
A. Introduction, p. 5-41
B. Liquid-Liquid, Partition-Gravimetric Method, p. 5-42
C. Partition-Infrared Method, p. 5-44
D. Soxhlet Extraction Method, p. 5-45
E. Extraction Method for Sludge Samples, p. 5-46
F. Hydrocarbons, p. 5-46
G. Solid-Phase, Partition-Gravimetric Method, p. 5-47
5530 PHENOLS, p. 5-49
A. Introduction, p. 5-49
B. Cleanup Procedure, p. 5-49
C. Chloroform Extraction Method, p. 5-50
D. Direct Photometric Method, p. 5-52
5540 SURFACTANTS, p. 5-53
A. Introduction, p. 5-53
B. Surfactant Separation by Sublation, p. 5-53
C. Anionic Surfactants as MBAS, p. 5-55
D. Nonionic Surfactants as CTAS, p. 5-58
5550 TANNIN AND LIGNIN, p. 5-61
A. Introduction, p. 5-61
B. Colorimetric Method, p. 5-61
5560 ORGANIC AND VOLATILE ACIDS, p. 5-62
A. Introduction, p. 5-62
B. Chromatographic Separation Method for Organic Acids, p. 5-62
C. Distillation Method, p. 5-64
D. Gas Chromatographic Method, p. 5-65
5710 FORMATION OF TRIHALOMETHANES AND OTHER DISINFECTION BYPRODUCTS, p. 5-67
A. Introduction, p. 5-67
B. Trihalomethane Formation Potential (THMFP), p. 5-70
C. Simulated Distribution System Trihalomethanes (SDS-THM), p. 5-74
D. Formation of Other Disinfection Byproducts (DBPs), p. 5-75
5910 UV-ABSORBING ORGANIC CONSTITUENTS, p. 5-77
A. Introduction, p. 5-77
B. Ultraviolet Absorption Method, p. 5-78

Part 6000 INDIVIDUAL ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
6010 INTRODUCTION, p. 6-1
A. General Discussion, p. 6-1
B. Sample Collection and Preservation, p. 6-3
C. Analytical Methods, p. 6-4
6020 QUALITY ASSURANCE/QUALITY CONTROL, p. 6-6
A. Introduction, p. 6-6
B. Quality Control Practices, p. 6-7

6040 CONSTITUENT CONCENTRATION BY GAS EXTRACTION, p. 6-11
A. Introduction, p. 6-11
B. Closed-Loop Stripping, Gas Chromatographic/Mass Spectrometric Analysis, p. 6-11
C. Purge and Trap Technique, p. 6-22
D. Solid-Phase Microextraction (SPME), p. 6-22
E. Solid-Phase Microextraction (SPME) with CI GC/MS/MS, p. 6-25
6200 VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, p. 6-30
A. Introduction, p. 6-30
B. Purge and Trap Capillary-Column Gas Chromatographic/Mass Spectrometric Method, p. 6-33
C. Purge and Trap Capillary-Column Gas Chromatographic Method, p. 6-38
6211 METHANE, p. 6-43
A. Introduction, p. 6-43
B. Combustible-Gas Indicator Method, p. 6-43
C. Volumetric Method, p. 6-45
6231 1,2-DIBROMOETHANE (EDB) AND 1,2-DIBROMO-3-CHLOROPROPANE (DBCP), p. 6-45
A. Introduction, p. 6-45
B. Liquid-Liquid Extraction Gas Chromatographic Method, p. 6-45
C. Purge and Trap Gas Chromatographic/Mass Spectrometric Method, p. 6-48
D. Purge and Trap Gas Chromatographic Method, p. 6-48
6232 TRIHALOMETHANES AND CHLORINATED ORGANIC SOLVENTS, p. 6-48
A. Introduction, p. 6-48
B. Liquid-Liquid Extraction Gas Chromatographic Method, p. 6-49
C. Purge-and-Trap Gas Chromatographic/Mass Spectrometric Method, p. 6-54
D. Purge-and-Trap Gas Chromatographic Method, p. 6-54
6251 DISINFECTION BYPRODUCTS: HALOACETIC ACIDS AND TRICHLOROPHENOL, p. 6-55
A. Introduction, p. 6-55
B. Micro Liquid-Liquid Extraction Gas Chromatographic Method, p. 6-55
6252 DISINFECTION BYPRODUCTS: ALDEHYDES (PROPOSED), p. 6-65
A. Introduction, p. 6-65
B. PFBHA Liquid-Liquid Extraction Gas Chromatographic Method, p. 6-66
6410 EXTRACTABLE BASE/NEUTRALS AND ACIDS, p. 6-73
A. Introduction, p. 6-73
B. Liquid-Liquid Extraction Gas Chromatographic/Mass Spectrometric Method, p. 6-74
6420 PHENOLS, p. 6-87

A. Introduction, p. 6-87
B. Liquid-Liquid Extraction Gas Chromatographic Method, p. 6-87
C. Liquid-Liquid Extraction Gas Chromatographic/Mass Spectrometric Method, p. 6-93
6431 POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCBs), p. 6-93
A. Introduction, p. 6-93
B. Liquid-Liquid Extraction Gas Chromatographic Method, p. 6-93
C. Liquid-Liquid Extraction Gas Chromatographic/Mass Spectrometric Method, p. 6-93
6440 POLYNUCLEAR AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS, p. 6-93
A. Introduction, p. 6-93
B. Liquid-Liquid Extraction Chromatographic Method, p. 6-94
C. Liquid-Liquid Extraction Gas Chromatographic/Mass Spectrometric Method, p. 6-99
6450 NITROSAMINES, p. 6-99
A. Introduction, p. 6-99
B. Carbonaceous-Resin Solid-Phase Extraction GC/MS Method, p. 6-100
C. Micro Liquid-Liquid Extraction GC/MS Method, p. 6-109
6610 CARBAMATE PESTICIDES, p. 6-112
A. Introduction, p. 6-112
B. High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Method, p. 6-113
6630 ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES, p. 6-121
A. Introduction, p. 6-121
B. Liquid-Liquid Extraction Gas Chromatographic Method, p. 6-121
Appendix—Standardization of Magnesia-Silica Gel Column by Weight Adjustment Based on Adsorption of Lauric Acid, p. 6-127
C. Liquid-Liquid Extraction Gas Chromatographic Method II, p. 6-128
D. Liquid-Liquid Extraction Gas Chromatographic/Mass Spectrometric Method, p. 6-135
6640 ACIDIC HERBICIDE COMPOUNDS, p. 6-135
A. Introduction, p. 6-135
B. Micro Liquid-Liquid Extraction Gas Chromatographic Method, p. 6-136
6651 GLYPHOSATE HERBICIDE, p. 6-146
A. Introduction, p. 6-146
B. Liquid Chromatographic Post-Column Fluorescence Method, p. 6-146
6710 TRIBUTYL TIN, p. 6-149
A. Introduction, p. 6-149
B. Gas Chromatographic/Mass Spectrometric Method, p. 6-149

C. Gas Chromatographic/Flame Photometric Detector Method, p. 6-154
6810 PHARMACEUTICALS AND PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS, p. 6-155
A. Introduction, p. 6-155
B. Polymeric-Resin Solid-Phase Extraction LC-MS/MS Method, p. 6-156

Part 7000 RADIOACTIVITY
7010 INTRODUCTION, p. 7-1
A. General Discussion, p. 7-1
B. Sample Collection and Preservation, p. 7-2
7020 QUALITY SYSTEM, p. 7-3
A. Quality Systems/Quality Assurance/Quality Control Program, p. 7-3
B. Quality Control for Wastewater Samples, p. 7-8
C. Statistics, p. 7-9
D. Calculation and Expression of Results, p. 7-12
7030 COUNTING INSTRUMENTS, p. 7-13
A. Introduction, p. 7-13
B. Description and Operation of Instruments, p. 7-13
7040 FACILITIES, p. 7-19
A. Counting Room, p. 7-19
B. Radiochemistry Laboratory, p. 7-19
C. Laboratory Safety, p. 7-20
D. Pollution Prevention, p. 7-20
E. Waste Management, p. 7-21
7110 GROSS ALPHA AND GROSS BETA RADIOACTIVITY (TOTAL, SUSPENDED, AND DISSOLVED), p. 7-21
A. Introduction, p. 7-21
B. Evaporation Method for Gross Alpha-Beta, p. 7-21
C. Coprecipitation Method for Gross Alpha Radioactivity in Drinking Water, p. 7-25
7120 GAMMA-EMITTING RADIONUCLIDES, p. 7-26
A. Introduction, p. 7-26
B. Gamma Spectroscopic Method, p. 7-26
7500-Cs RADIOACTIVE CESIUM, p. 7-30
A. Introduction, p. 7-30
B. Precipitation Method, p. 7-30
7500-I RADIOACTIVE IODINE, p. 7-31
A. Introduction, p. 7-31
B. Precipitation Method, p. 7-32
C. Ion-Exchange Method, p. 7-33
D. Distillation Method, p. 7-34
7500-Ra RADIUM, p. 7-35
A. Introduction, p. 7-35
B. Precipitation Method, p. 7-35
C. Emanation Method, p. 7-38
D. Sequential Precipitation Method, p. 7-44
E. Gamma Spectroscopy Method, p. 7-46

7500-Rn RADON, p. 7-51
A. Introduction, p. 7-51
B. Liquid Scintillation Method, p. 7-51
7500-Sr TOTAL RADIOACTIVE STRONTIUM AND STRONTIUM-90, p. 7-54
A. Introduction, p. 7-54
B. Precipitation Method, p. 7-54
7500-3H TRITIUM, p. 7-58
A. Introduction, p. 7-58
B. Liquid Scintillation Spectrometric Method, p. 7-58
7500-U URANIUM, p. 7-59
A. Introduction, p. 7-59
B. Radiochemical Method, p. 7-60
C. Isotopic Method, p. 7-61

Part 8000 TOXICITY
8010 INTRODUCTION, p. 8-1
A. General Discussion, p. 8-1
B. Terminology, p. 8-2
C. Basic Requirements for Toxicity Tests, p. 8-3
D. Conducting Toxicity Tests, p. 8-4
E. Preparing Organisms for Toxicity Tests, p. 8-7
F. Toxicity Test Systems, Materials, and Procedures, p. 8-15
G. Calculating, Analyzing, and Reporting Results of Toxicity Tests, p. 8-21
H. Interpreting and Applying Results of Toxicity Tests, p. 8-24
I. Selected Toxicological Literature, p. 8-26
8020 QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL IN LABORATORY TOXICITY TESTS, p. 8-26
A. General Discussion, p. 8-26
B. Elements of QA/QC, p. 8-27
8030 MUTAGENESIS, p. 8-30
A. Introduction, p. 8-30
B. Salmonella Microsomal Mutagenicity Test, p. 8-32
8050 BACTERIAL BIOLUMINESCENCE, p. 8-38
A. Introduction, p. 8-38
B. Bacterial Bioluminescence Test, p. 8-38
8070 P450 REPORTER GENE RESPONSE TO DIOXIN-LIKE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, p. 8-42
A. Introduction, p. 8-42
B. The P450 RGS Test, p. 8-42
8071 COMET/SINGLE-CELL GEL ELECTROPHORESIS ASSAY FOR DETECTION OF DNA DAMAGE, p. 8-44
A. Introduction, p. 8-44
B. Comet/Single-Cell Gel Electrophoresis Assay, p. 8-44
8080 SEDIMENT POREWATER TESTING, p. 8-48
A. Introduction, p. 8-48
B. Sediment Collection and Storage, p. 8-49

C. Extraction of Sediment Pore Water, p. 8-49
D. Toxicity Testing Procedures, p. 8-51
8110 ALGAE, p. 8-52
8111 BIOSTIMULATION (ALGAL PRODUCTIVITY), p. 8-53
A. General Principles, p. 8-53
B. Planning and Evaluating Algal Assays, p. 8-53
C. Apparatus, p. 8-54
D. Sample Handling, p. 8-55
E. Synthetic Algal Culture Medium, p. 8-55
F. Inoculum, p. 8-55
G. Test Conditions and Procedures, p. 8-56
H. Effect of Additions, p. 8-57
I. Data Analysis and Interpretation, p. 8-58
8112 PHYTOPLANKTON, p. 8-59
A. Introduction, p. 8-59
B. Inoculum, p. 8-59
C. Test Conditions and Procedures, p. 8-59
8113 MARINE MACROALGAE, p. 8-60
A. Introduction, p. 8-60
B. Selecting and Preparing Macrocystis pyrifera Sporophylls, p. 8-60
C. Toxicity Test Procedures, p. 8-62
D. Data Evaluation, p. 8-65
8200 AQUATIC FLOWERING PLANTS, p. 8-66
8211 DUCKWEED, p. 8-66
A. Introduction, p. 8-66
B. Selecting and Preparing Test Organisms, p. 8-67
C. Toxicity Test Procedure, p. 8-68
8220 AQUATIC EMERGENT PLANTS, p. 8-70
A. Introduction, p. 8-70
B. Selecting and Preparing Test Organisms, p. 8-71
C. Toxicity Test Procedure, p. 8-72
8310 CILIATED PROTOZOA, p. 8-74
A. Introduction, p. 8-74
B. Growth Inhibition Test with Freshwater Ciliate Dexiostoma (syn. Colpidium) campylum, p. 8-75
C. Chemotactic Test with Freshwater Ciliate Tetrahymena thermophile, p. 8-77
D. Growth Inhibition Test with the Soil Ciliate Colpoda inflata, p. 8-79
8420 ROTIFERS, p. 8-80
A. Introduction, p. 8-80
B. Selecting and Preparing Test Organisms, p. 8-81
C. Toxicity Test Procedures, p. 8-82
8510 ANNELIDS, p. 8-84
A. Introduction, p. 8-84
B. Selecting and Preparing Test Organisms, p. 8-85
C. Toxicity Test Procedures, p. 8-91

D. Sediment Test Procedures Using the Marine Polychaete Neanthes arenaceodentata, p. 8-94
E. Sediment Test Procedures Using the Marine Polychaete Polydora cornuta, p. 8-97
F. Sediment Test Procedures Using the Freshwater and Marine Oligochaetes Pristina leidyi, Tubifex tubifex, and Lumbriculus variegatus, 8-98
G. Data Evaluation, p. 8-99
8610 MOLLUSKS, p. 8-99
A. Introduction, p. 8-99
B. Selecting and Preparing Test Organisms, p. 8-100
C. Short-Term Test Procedures Using Marine Mollusk Larvae, p. 8-101
D. Sediment Bioaccumulation Test Procedures Using Marine Bivalves, p. 8-104
E. Field Test Procedures Using Freshwater and Marine Bivalves, p. 8-106
8710 ARTHROPODS, p. 8-110
8711 DAPHNIA, p. 8-110
A. Introduction, p. 8-110
B. Selecting and Preparing Test Organisms, p. 8-112
C. Toxicity Test Procedures, p. 8-114
8712 CERIODAPHNIA, p. 8-116
A. Introduction, p. 8-116
B. Selecting and Preparing Test Organisms, p. 8-117
C. Toxicity Test Procedures, p. 8-119
8714 MYSIDS, p. 8-121
A. Introduction, p. 8-121
B. Selecting and Preparing Test Organisms, p. 8-122
C. Toxicity Test Procedures, p. 8-127
8740 DECAPODS, p. 8-131
A. Introduction, p. 8-131
B. Selecting and Preparing Test Organisms, p. 8-132
C. Toxicity Test Procedures, p. 8-139
D. Data Evaluation, p. 8-143
8750 AQUATIC INSECTS, p. 8-143
A. Introduction, p. 8-143
B. Selecting and Preparing Test Organisms, p. 8-144
C. Toxicity Test Procedures, p. 8-146
D. Data Evaluation, p. 8-150
8810 ECIHNODERM FERTILIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT, p. 8-150
A. Introduction, p. 8-150
B. Selecting and Preparing Test Organisms, p. 8-151
C. Echinoderm Fertilization Test, p. 8-153

D. Echinoderm Embryo Development Test, p. 8-157
8910 FISH, p. 8-160
A. Introduction, p. 8-160
B. Fish Selection and Culture Procedures, p. 8-160
C. Toxicity Test Procedures, p. 8-164
8921 FATHEAD MINNOW, p. 8-171
A. Introduction, p. 8-171
B. Culture and Maintenance of Test Organisms, p. 8-172
C. Toxicity Test Procedures, p. 8-173
8930 AMPHIBIANS (PROPOSED), p. 8-180
A. Introduction, p. 8-180
B. Culture and Maintenance of Test Organisms, p. 8-181
C. Toxicity Test Procedures, p. 8-184

Part 9000 MICROBIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION
9010 INTRODUCTION, p. 9-1
9020 QUALITY ASSURANCE/QUALITY CONTROL, p. 9-2
A. Introduction, p. 9-2
B. Intralaboratory Quality Control Guidelines, p. 9-4
C. Interlaboratory Quality Control, p. 9-27
9030 LABORATORY APPARATUS, p. 9-29
A. Introduction, p. 9-29
B. Equipment Specifications, p. 9-29
9040 WASHING AND STERILIZATION, p. 9-33
9050 PREPARATION OF CULTURE MEDIA, p. 9-34
A. General Procedures, p. 9-34
B. Water, p. 9-35
C. Media Specifications, p. 9-35
9060 SAMPLES, p. 9-36
A. Collection, p. 9-36
B. Preservation and Storage, p. 9-39
9211 RAPID DETECTION METHODS, p. 9-40
A. Introduction, p. 9-40
B. Seven-Hour Fecal Coliform Test, p. 9-40
C. Special Techniques, p. 9-40
9212 STRESSED MICROORGANISMS, p. 9-42
A. Introduction, p. 9-42
B. Recovery Enhancement, p. 9-44
9213 RECREATIONAL WATERS, p. 9-45
A. Introduction, p. 9-45
B. Swimming Pools, p. 9-46
C. Whirlpools, p. 9-49
D. Natural Bathing Beaches, p. 9-49
E. Membrane Filter Technique for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, p. 9-51
F. Multiple-Tube Technique for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, p. 9-52
9215 HETEROTROPHIC PLATE COUNT, p. 9-53
A. Introduction, p. 9-53
B. Pour Plate Method, p. 9-56

C. Spread Plate Method, p. 9-57
D. Membrane Filter Method, p. 9-58
E. Enzyme Substrate Method, p. 9-59
9216 DIRECT TOTAL MICROBIAL COUNT, p. 9-60
A. Introduction, p. 9-60
B. Epifluorescence Microscopic Method Using Acridine Orange, p. 9-60
9217 ASSIMILABLE ORGANIC CARBON, p. 9-62
A. Introduction, p. 9-62
B. Pseudomonas fluorescens Strain P-17, Spirillum Strain NOX Method, p. 9-64
9218 AEROBIC ENDOSPORES, p. 9-67
A. Introduction, p. 9-67
B. Membrane Filter Method, p. 9-67
9221 MULTIPLE-TUBE FERMENTATION TECHNIQUE FOR MEMBERS OF THE COLIFORM GROUP, p. 9-68
A. Introduction, p. 9-68
B. Standard Total Coliform Fermentation Technique, p. 9-69
C. Estimation of Bacterial Density, p. 9-72
D. Presence-Absence (P-A) Coliform Test, p. 9-75
E. Thermotolerant (Fecal) Coliform Procedure, p. 9-77
F. Escherichia coli Procedure Using Fluorogenic Substrate, p. 9-78
G. Other Escherichia coli Procedures, p. 9-80
9222 MEMBRANE FILTER TECHNIQUE FOR MEMBERS OF THE COLIFORM GROUP, p. 9-81
A. Introduction, p. 9-81
B. Standard Total Coliform Membrane Filter Procedure using Endo Media, p. 9-82
C. Delayed-Incubation Total Coliform Procedure, p. 9-88
D. Thermotolerant (Fecal) Coliform Membrane Filter Procedure, p. 9-89
E. Delayed-Incubation Thermotolerant (Fecal) Coliform Procedure, p. 9-91
F. Klebsiella Membrane Filter Procedure, p. 9-92
G. Partitioning Thermotolerant Coliforms from MF Total Coliform Using EC Broth, p. 9-93
H. Partitioning E. coli from MF Total Coliform using EC-MUG Broth, p. 9-94
I. Partitioning E. coli from MF Total Coliforms using NA-MUG Agar, p. 9-95
J. Simultaneous Detection of Total Coliform and E. coli by Dual-Chromogen Membrane Filter Procedure, p. 9-96
K. Simultaneous Detection of Total Coliforms and E. coli by Fluorogen/Chromogen Membrane Filter Procedure, p. 9-97
9223 ENZYME SUBSTRATE COLIFORM TEST, p. 9-98

A. Introduction, p. 9-98
B. Enzyme Substrate Test, p. 9-99
9224 DETECTION OF COLIPHAGES, p. 9-102
A. Introduction, p. 9-102
B. Somatic Coliphage Assay, p. 9-103
C. Male-Specific Coliphage Assay Using Escherichia coli Famp, p. 9-105
D. Male-Specific Coliphage Assay Using Salmonella typhimurium WG49, p. 9-106
E. Single-Agar-Layer Method, p. 9-108
F. Membrane Filter Method, p. 9-109
9225 DIFFERENTIATION OF COLIFORM BACTERIA, p. 9-110
A. Introduction, p. 9-110
B. Culture Purification, p. 9-111
C. Identification, p. 9-112
D. Media, Reagents, and Procedures, p. 9-114
E. Reporting Results, p. 9-117
9230 FECAL ENTEROCOCCUS/STREPTOCOCCUS GROUPS, p. 9-117
A. Introduction, p. 9-117
B. Multiple-Tube Technique, p. 9-118
C. Membrane Filter Techniques, p. 9-119
D. Fluorogenic Substrate Enterococcus Test, p. 9-122
9240 IRON AND SULFUR BACTERIA, p. 9-123
A. Introduction, p. 9-123
B. Iron Bacteria, p. 9-124
C. Sulfur Bacteria, p. 9-129
D. Enumerating, Enriching, and Isolating Iron and Sulfur Bacteria, p. 9-131
E. Bacteria Living in Acidic Environments, p. 9-137
9245 NITRIFYING BACTERIA, p. 9-142
A. Introduction, p. 9-142
B. Multiple-Tube Method, p. 9-144
9250 DETECTION OF ACTINOMYCETES, p. 9-145
A. Introduction, p. 9-145
B. Actinomycete Plate Count, p. 9-147
9260 DETECTION OF PATHOGENIC BACTERIA, p. 9-149
A. Introduction, p. 9-149
B. Salmonella, p. 9-152
C. (Reserved), p. 9-157
D. (Reserved), p. 9-157
E. Shigella, p. 9-157
F. Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli, p. 9-160
G. Campylobacter, p. 9-165
H. Vibrio, p. 9-167
I. Leptospira, p. 9-174
J. Legionella, p. 9-177
K. Yersinia enterocolitica, p. 9-181
L. Aeromonas, p. 9-185
M. Mycobacterium, p. 9-187
9510 DETECTION OF ENTERIC VIRUSES, p. 9-191
A. Introduction, p. 9-191

B. Virus Concentration from Small Sample Volumes by Adsorption to and Elution from Microporous Filters, p. 9-194
C. Virus Concentration from Large Sample Volumes by Adsorption to and Elution from Microporous Filters, p. 9-196
D. Virus Concentration by Aluminum Hydroxide Adsorption-Precipitation, p. 9-201
E. Hydroextraction-Dialysis with Polyethylene Glycol, p. 9-202
F. Recovery of Viruses from Suspended Solids in Water and Wastewater, p. 9-203
G. Assay and Identification of Viruses in Sample Concentrates, p. 9-205
9610 DETECTION OF FUNGI, p. 9-208
A. Introduction, p. 9-208
B. Pour Plate Technique, p. 9-212
C. Spread Plate Technique, p. 9-213
D. Membrane Filter Technique, p. 9-214
E. Technique for Yeasts, p. 9-215
F. Zoosporic Fungi, p. 9-215
G. Aquatic Hyphomycetes, p. 9-217
H. Fungi Pathogenic to Humans, p. 9-217
I. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Methods, p. 9-218
9711 PATHOGENIC PROTOZOA, p. 9-219
A. Introduction, p. 9-219
B. Detection of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in Water, p. 9-224
C. Detection of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in Wastewater, p. 9-230
D. Infectivity of Cryptosporidium in Cell Culture, p. 9-231

Part 10000 BIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION
10010 INTRODUCTION, p. 10-1
10200 PLANKTON, p. 10-2
A. Introduction, p. 10-2
B. Sample Collection, p. 10-3
C. Concentration Techniques, p. 10-11
D. Preparing Slide Mounts, p. 10-13
E. Microscopes and Calibrations, p. 10-15
F. Phytoplankton Counting Techniques, p. 10-17
G. Zooplankton Counting Techniques, p. 10-21
H. Chlorophyll, p. 10-22
I. Determination of Biomass (Standing Crop), p. 10-30
J. Metabolic Rate Measurements, p. 10-32
10300 PERIPHYTON, p. 10-36
A. Introduction, p. 10-36
B. Sample Collection, p. 10-36
C. Sample Analysis, p. 10-38
D. Primary Productivity, p. 10-41
E. Interpreting and Reporting Results, p. 10-50

10400 MACROPHYTES, p. 10-52
A. Introduction, p. 10-52
B. Preliminary Survey, p. 10-53
C. Vegetation Mapping Methods, p. 10-53
D. Population Estimates, p. 10-55
E. Productivity, p. 10-59
10500 BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATES, p. 10-67
A. Introduction, p. 10-67
B. Sample Collection, p. 10-70
C. Sample Processing and Analysis, p. 10-79
D. Data Evaluation, Presentation, and Conclusions, p. 10-81
10600 FISHES, p. 10-84
A. Introduction, p. 10-84
B. Data Acquisition, p. 10-85
C. Sample Preservation, p. 10-94
D. Analysis of Collections, p. 10-95
E. Investigation of Fish Kills, p. 10-100
10700 BENTHIC MEIOFAUNA, p. 10-101

10750 NEMATOLOGICAL EXAMINATION, p. 10-102
A. Introduction, p. 10-102
B. Collection and Processing Techniques for Nematodes, p. 10-104
C. Illustrated Key to Freshwater Nematodes, p. 10-106
10900 IDENTIFICATION OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS, p. 10-122
A. Identification Procedure, p. 10-122
B. Key to Major Groups of Aquatic Organisms (Plates 1-40), p. 10-122
Acknowledgments, p. 10-126
C. Key for Identification of Common Freshwater Algae (Plates 1A, IB, 4A, 4B, and 28-40), p. 10-160
D. Index to Illustrations, p. 10-165
E. Selected Taxonomic References, p. 10-168

INDEX, p. I-1

"The methods in the 23rd edition (as in previous editions) are believed to be the best available, generally accepted procedures for analyzing water, wastewater, and related materials. They represent the recommendations of specialists, ratified by a large number of analysts and others of more general expertise, and as such are truly consensus standards, offering a valid and recognized basis for control and evaluation. All methods are dated to identify which ones changed significantly between editions.


New in the 23rd edition


Over 80 revised methods and 5 new methods added

Extensive revisions to Microbiological Examination (Part 9000)

New drinking water method to test for pharmaceuticals and

personal care products

New, more realistic, visuals to help identify aquatic organisms

Revisions to Solids, Cyanide, Nitrate, Dissolved Oxygen, and Biochemical Oxygen Demand

Standard Methods is also offered as a subscription service, which includes all the new, revised, and USEPA-approved methods that are full-text searchable, a discussion group and news about the book, its methods and the oversight board."