Oferta do Prof. António Carlos Carvalho

INDICE

CONTRIBUTORS, p. XV

FOREWORD, p. XVII

1

THE SOCIAL COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE AND THE STUDY OF AGING

The Social Cognitive Perspective, p. 2
Social Cognition and Aging, p. 4
Cognitive Processes, p. 4
Social Competence, p. 6
Aging and Social Cognition, p. 7
Organization of this Book, p. 8
Focus on Self, p. 8
Focus on Others, p. 10
Focus on the Social Context: Interactions between Self and Other, p. 11
References, p. 12


SECTION I

Focus ON SELF

2

THE SENSE OF CONTROL AND COGNITIVE AGING: TOWARD A MODEL OF MEDIATIONAL
PROCESSES

Introduction, p. 17
The Control Construct, p. 18
Control over Cognitive Aging, p. 18
The Effects of Beliefs on Cognitive Performance, p. 19
Beliefs, p. 19
Control Beliefs in Relation to Other Predictors of Cognitive Performance, p. 25
The Effects of Cognitive Performance on Control Beliefs, p. 32
A Conceptual Model of the Relationship between Sense of Control and Cognitive Aging, p. 35
Summary and Conclusions, p. 37
References, p. 38

3

BELIEFS ABOUT MEMORY AND AGING

Introduction, p. 43
Implicit Theories of Memory and Aging, p. 45
Self-Referent Memory Beliefs, p. 52
Implicit Theories and Self-Referent Beliefs, p. 54
Attributions about Memory Task Performance, p. 56
Control Beliefs, Strategy Use, and Attributions about Memory Performance, p. 58
Summary and Conclusions, p. 64
References, p. 66

4

MEMORY SELF-EFFICACY IN ITS SOCIAL COGNITIVE CONTEXT

What Is Memory Self-Efficacy? , p. 70
Measurement of Memory Self-Efficacy, p. 71
Sources and Effects of Memory Self-Efficacy Judgments, p. 74
Summary, p. 76
Status and Critique of Memory Self-Efficacy Research, p. 76
Age Differences and Predictive Validity of Memory Self-Efficacy, p. 77
Mediating Effects of Memory Self-Efficacy, p. 81
Social Cognition as a Context for Memory Self-Efficacy Research, p. 84
Memory Self-Efficacy as a Social Construct, p. 85
Memory Self-Efficacy as a Developmental Construct, p. 87
Memory Self-Efficacy as a Personality Construct, p. 87
Memory Self-Efficacy Roots in Social and Temporal Comparison Processes, p. 88
Summary, p. 88
Future Research Directions, p. 89
A “Persons in Places in Process” Approach to Memory Self-Efficacy, p. 91
Conclusions, p. 91
References, p. 91

5

POSSIBLE SELVES IN ADULTHOOD: INCORPORATING TELEONOMIC RELEVANCE
INTO STUDIES OF THE SELF


Theoretical Framework , p. 99
Feed-Forward Processes, p. 100
Overview of Studies, p. 101
Methodological Issues in the Measurement of Possible Selves, p. 103
Format, p. 104
Coding, p. 105
Research Findings, p. 106
Health, p. 106
Life Events, Tasks, and Transitions, p. 109
Future Directions, p. 111
Summary and Conclusions, p. 112
References, p. 112
Appendix: Possible Selves Questionnaire, p. 117

6

SOURCES OF RESILIENCE IN THE AGING SELF: TOWARD INTEGRATING PERSPECTIVES

Adaptive Resources of the Self-System in Later Life: Assimilitative, Accommodative, and Immunizing Processes, p. 125 Assimilative Activities, p. 127
Accommodative Processes, p. 128
Immunizing Mechanisms, p. 129
Empirical Scope of the Model of Assimilative, Accommodative, and Immunizing Processes, p. 132
Accounting for the Potentially Negative Effects of Perceived Control, p. 132
The Shift Toward Accommodative Modes of Coping in Later Life, p. 133
Coping with Age-Typical Losses and Constraints, p. 133
Maintaining a Sense of Control through Accommodation of Goals, p. 134
Accommodating Meaning Perspectives in Later Life, p. 135
Neutralizing the Impact of Negative Age Stereotypes, p. 135
Summary and Conclusions, p. 136
References, p. 138

7
AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL MEMORY AND SOCIAL COGNITION: DEVELOPMENT OF THE REMEMBERED
SELF IN ADULTHOOD

An Outline, p. 145
Definitions, p. 145


Retrieval and Reconstruction, p. 148
Organization, p. 150
Organization and Social Cognition, p. 153
The Distribution of Memories over Time, p. 156
Recency, p. 158
The Bump, p. 160
Other Bump Phenomena, p. 163
Cue Words Revisited , p. 163
Self-Narratives and Adaptation, p. 164
Summary and Conclusions, p. 166
References, p. 167

SECTION II

Focus ON OTHERS


8

A SOCIAL COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE ONAGE STEREOTYPES

Age Stereotypes as Person Perception Schemas, p. 176
Sociocultural and Psychodynamic Perspectives on Age Stereotypes, p. 176
What Can a Social Cognitive Perspective Offer?, p. 177
The Nature and Content of Age Stereotype Schemas, p. 178
Activation of Age Stereotypes in Interpersonal Interaction, p. 179
Implicit Age Stereotyping and Interpersonal Communication, p. 183
Older Adults ’ Communication Behaviors and Activation of Age Stereotypes, p. 184
Communication Behaviors toward Older Individuals as Implicit Stereotyping, p. 185
Future Study of Activation Cues, p. 186
Developmental Processes and Age Stereotyping, p. 186
Developmental Differences in Age Stereotype Schemas, p. 186
Developmental Processes, Age Stereotyping, and Interpersonal Interaction, p. 188
Summary and Conclusions, p. 190
References, p. 191

9

AGE AND MEMORY: PERCEPTIONS OF FORGETFUL YOUNG AND OLDER ADULTS

Seriousness of Forgetting, p. 198
Attributions for Forgetting, p. 200
Type of Memory Failure, p. 202
Age of Perceivers, p. 202
Capability Impressions, p. 204
Task Assignment, p. 204
Confidence, p. 206
Memory Opinion, p. 209
Impression Management, p. 211
Summary and Conclusions, p. 213
References, p. 215

10

SOCIAL SCHEMATICITY AND CAUSAL ATTRIBUTIONS

Age Differences in Social Schemas, p. 227
Stages of Attributional Processing and Schemas, p. 230
Age Differences in Schematicity, p. 233
Summary and Conclusions, p. 234
References, p. 235

11

COGNITIVE AND KNOWLEDGE-BASED INFLUENCES ON SOCIAL REPRESENTATIONS

A General Framework for Understanding Aging and Representational Processes, p. 239
MORAL
Cognitive Constraints on Representation, p. 242
Person Memory, p. 244
Processing of Descriptive and Evaluative Information, p. 248
Knowledge-Based Influences on Representation, p. 253
Summary and Conclusions, p. 257
References, p. 260

SECTION III

Focus ON THE SOCIAL CONTEXT: INTERACTIONS BETWEEN SELF AND OTHER

12

EXPLORING COGNITION IN INTERACTIVE SITUATIONS: THE AGING OF N + 1 MINDS

Stepping from Collaborative Cognition to Social Cognition, p. 268
Why Examine Cognitive Aging in (Social) Collaborative Situations? , p. 270
Cognitive Aging in Brief, p. 270
Collaboration and Cognitive Losses, p. 271
Collaboration and Compensation, p. 272
Two Theoretical Issues in Collaborative Cognition and Aging Research, p. 274
Research Issues in Collaboration and Aging, p. 276
Examples of Research on Cognition in (Social) Collaborative Situations, p. 279
Product Studies, p. 279
Process Studies, p. 281
Metacognitive Studies, p. 282
Summary and Conclusions: Merging Social Cognition and Collaborative Cognition, p. 284
References, p. 286

13

MORAL DEVELOPMENT IN MATURITY: LIFE-SPAN PERSPECTIVES ON THE PROCESSES OF SUCCESSFUL AGING


Introduction 291
Theoretical Frameworks and Issues, p. 292
Understanding the Meaning of Successful Aging, p. 293
Moral Reasoning Development in Maturity: A Review, p. 295
Component 1: Sensitivity to the Situation, p. 296
Component 2: Judging and Evaluating Moral Considerations, p. 298
Component 3: Integrating Moral and Nonmoral Considerations, p. 300
Component 4: Reasoning-Behavior Consistency, p. 302
Summary, p. 302
Collaborating with Others to Solve Everyday Moral Problems, p. 303
Summary, p. 308
Individuals’ Perspectives on Their Own Moral Development, p. 309
Summary, p. 311
Summary and Conclusions, p. 311
References, p. 313

14

THE ROLE OF TIME IN THE SETTING OF SOCIAL GOALS ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN


Introduction 319
Motivation for Social Contact Throughout the Life Span, p. 321
Traditional Theories of Social Behavior in Old Age, p. 322
Socioemotional Selectivity Theory, p. 323
Time Perception Throughout the Life Span, p. 324
The Knowledge and Emotion Trajectories across the Life Span, p. 325
Time and the Mental Representation of Social Partners, p. 329
Time Perspective and Emotion, p. 331
Age Differences in Social Partner Preferences, p. 333
Socioemotional Selectivity Theory and the Broader Literature on Social Aging, p. 336
Summary and Conclusions, p. 338
References, p. 339

SOCIAL COGNITION AND A PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH TO AN ART OF LIFE

Seven Constituent Features of a Life Perspective, p. 346
The Individual as an Active Part of a Larger Whole, p. 346
Inherent Diachronicity, p. 349
Combining Multiple Domains of Psychological Functioning, p. 352
Implied Ecological Relevance, p. 354
Methodological Pluralism and Richness, p. 355
Continuous Search for Reserve Potential and Meaning, p. 358
Embracing of the Ontology of the First and Third Person, p. 361
Social Cognition and an Art of Life: Future Directions, p. 363
Life as a Dynamic System, p. 363
From Life Insight and Life Composition to an Art of Life?, p. 365
References, p. 367
INDEX, p. 377