Índice
List of Figures, Tables, and Boxes, p. viii
Acknowledgments, p. xii
1. Introduction, p. 1
A. The General Problem, p. 1
B. The Nature of This Book, p. 2
Audiences, p. 3
Approach, p. 3
C. Our Orientation, p. 4
D. Varieties of Qualitative Research, p. 5
Recurring Features of Qualitative Research, p. 5
Three Approaches to Qualitative Data Analysis, p. 8
Analytic Methods: Some Common Features, p. 9
E. The Nature of Qualitative Data, p. 9
General Nature, p. 9
Some Underlying Issues, p. 9
Strengths of Qualitative Data, p. 10
F. Our View of Qualitative Analysis, p. 10
Data Reduction, p. 10
Data Display, p. 11
Conclusion Drawing and Verification, p. 11
G. Using This Book, p. 12
Overview, p. 12
Format of Specific Methods, p. 12
Suggestions for Users, p. 12
2. Focusing and Bounding the Collection of Data: The Substantive Start, p. 16
Tight Versus Loose: Some Trade-offs, p. 16
A. Building a Conceptual Framework, p. 18
B. Formulating Research Questions, p. 22
C. Defining the Case: Bounding the Territory, p. 25
D. Sampling: Bounding the Collection of Data, p. 27
E. Instrumentation, p. 34
Summary Comments, p. 38
3. Focusing and Bounding the Collection of Data: Further Design Issues, p. 40
A. Linking Qualitative and Quantitative Data, p. 40
Rationale, p. 40
Brief Description, p. 42
Illustrations 42
Advice , p. 43
B. Management Issues Bearing on Analysis, p. 43
Computer Use, p. 43
Data Management, p. 45
Staffing and Time Planning, p. 46
Agreements With Study Participants, p. 47
Summary Comments, p. 48
4. Early Steps in Analysís, p. 50
Our Assumptions About "Data", p. 51
A. Contact Summary Sheet, p. 51
Document Summary Form, p. 54
B. Codes and Coding, p. 55
Reflective Remarks, p. 66
Marginal Remarks, p. 66
C. Pattern Coding, p. 69
D. Memoing, p. 72
Developing Propositions, p. 75
E. Case Analysis Meeting, p. 76
F. Interim Case Summary, p. 77
Data Accounting Sheet, p. 80
G. Vignettes, p. 81
H. Prestructured Case, p. 83
I. Scquential Analyses, p. 85
Summary Comments, p. 88
5. Within-Case Displays: Exploríng and Describing, p. 90
Describing and Explaining, p. 90
A. How Data Displays Work, p. 91
B. Partially Ordered Displays, p. 102
Contexi Chart, p. 102
Checklist Matrix, p. 105
The Transcript as Poem, p. 110
C. Tïme-Ordered Displays, p. 110
Event Listing, p. 110
Critical Incident Chart, p. 115
Event-State Network, p. 115
Activity Record, p. 117
Decision Modeling, p. 117
Growth Gradíent, p. 118
Time-Ordered Matrix, p. 119
D. Role-Ordered Displays, p. 122
Role-Ordered Matrix, p. 122
Role-by-Time Matrix, p. 126
E. Conceptually Ordered Displays, p. 127
Conceptually Clustered Matríx, p. 127
Thematic Conceptual Matrix, p. 131
Folk Taxonomy, p. 133
Cognitive Maps, p. 134
Effects Matrix, p. 137
Summary Comment, p. 141
6. Within-Case Displays: Explaining and Predicting, p. 143
A. Explanations and Causality, p. 144
What Does It Mean to Explain Something?, p. 144
A Way of Thinking About Causality, p. 145
The Power of Qualitative Causal Analysis, p. 147
B. Explanatory Effects Matríx, p. 148
C. Case Dynamics Matrix, p. 148
D. Causal Network, p. 151
Verifying Causal Networks, p. 163
E. Making and Testing Predictions, p. 165
Summary Comments, p. 170
7. Cross-Case Displays: Exploring and Describing, p. 172
A. Cross-Case Analysis: Overview, p. 172
Why Do Cross-Case Analysis?, p. 173
A Key Distinction: Variables Versus Cases, p. 173
Strategies for Cross-Case Analysis, p. 174
B. Partially Ordered Displays, p. 177
Partially-Ordered Meta-Matrtix, p. 177
C. Conceptually Ordered Displays, p. 183
Content-Analytic Summary Table, p. 183
Substructing a Variable, p. 184
Construct Table, p. 184
Decision Tree Modeling, p. 185
D. Case-Ordered Displays, p. 187
Case-Ordered Descriptive Meta-Matrix, p. 187
Ordering Cases Through Summed Indices, p. 193
Two-Variable Case-Ordered Matrix, p. 195
Contrast Table, p. 195
Scatterplot, p. 197
E. Time-Ordered Displays, p. 200
Time-Ordered Meta-Matrix, p. 200
Scatterplots Over Time, p. 203
Composite Sequence Analysis, p. 204
Summary Comments, p. 205
8. Cross-Case Displays: Ordering and Explaining, p. 207
A. Explaining Through Comparative Analysis, p. 207
The Main Issue, p. 207
Working Principles, p. 207
B. Case-Ordered Effects Matríx, p. 208
C. Case-Ordered Predictor-Outcome Matrix, p. 213
Predictor-Outcome Consequences Matrix, p. 217
D. Variable-by-Variable Matríx, p. 219
E. Causal Models, p. 222
Causal Chains, p. 227
F. Causal Networks—Cross-Case Analysis, p. 228
Antecedents Matrix, p. 233
Summary Comments, p. 237
9. Matrix Displays: Some Rules of Thumb, p. 239
A. Building Matrix Displays, p. 240
Matrix Elements, p. 240
Rules of Thumb for Matrix Building, p. 241
B. Entering Matrix Data, p. 241
Rules of Thumb for Data Entry, p. 241
C. Drawíng Conclusions From Matrix Data, p. 242
Rules of Thumb for Conclusion Drawing, p. 242
10. Making Good Sense; Drawíng and Verifying Conclusions, p. 245
A. Tactics for Generating Meaning, p. 245
1. Noting Patterns, Themes, p. 246
2. Seeing Plausibility, p. 246
3. Clustering, p. 248
4. Making Metaphors, p. 250
5. Counting, p.252
6. Making Contrasts/Comparisons, p. 254
7. Partitioning Variables, p. 254
8. Subsuming Particulars Into the General, p. 255
9. Factoring, p. 256
10. Noting Relations Between Variables, p. 257
11. Finding Intervening Variables, p. 258
12. Building a Logical Chain of Evidence, p. 260
13. Making Conceptual/Theoretical Coherence, p. 261
B. Tactics for Testing or Confirming Findings, p. 262
1. Checking for Representativeness, p. 263
2. Checking for Researcher Effects, p. 265
3. Triangulating, p. 266
4. Weighting the Evidence, p. 267
5. Checking the Meaning of Outliers, p. 269
6. Using Extreme Cases, p. 270
7. Following Up Surprises, p. 270
8. Looking for Negative Evidence, p. 271
9. Making If-Then Tests, p. 271
10. Ruling Out Spurious Relations, p. 272
11. Replicating a Finding, p. 273
12. Checking Out Rival Explanations, p. 274
13. Getting Feedback From Informants, p. 275
C. Standards for the Quality of Conclusions, p. 277 Objectivity/Confirmability, p. 278 Reliability/Dependability/Auditability, p. 278
Internal Validity/Credibility/Authenticity, p. 278
External Validity/Transferability/Fittíngness, p. 279 Utilization/Application/ActionOrientation, p. 280
D. Documentation, p. 280
Summary Comments, p. 286
11. Ethical Issues in Analysis, p. 288
Some Framing Remarks, p. 288
Ethical Theories, p. 289
Specific Ethical Issues, p. 290
Conflicts, Dilemmas and Trade-offs, p. 295
Advise, p. 296
12. Producing Reports, p. 298
The General Problem, p. 298
Audiences and Effects, p. 299
Voices, Genres, and Stances, p. 300
Style, p. 301
Formats and Structures, p. 301
Using Reports, p. 304
Summary Comments, p. 306
13. Concluding Remarks, p. 307
Seeing Qualitative Analysis Whole, p. 307
Reflections, p. 309
Advice, p. 310
Appendix: Choosing Computer Programs for Qualitative Data Analysis, p. 311
1. Overview and Suggestions for Use, p. 311
2. Software Types and Functions, p. 311
General Types, p. 311
Specific Functions: What to Look For, p. 312
Other Considerations, p. 313
3. How to Choose Software: Key Questions, p. 313
What Kind of Computer User Are You?, p. 313
What Kind of Database and Project Is It?, p. 314
What Kind of Analysis Is Anticipated?, p. 314
4. Program Characteristics, p. 315
5. Program Developers and Distributors, p. 315
6. References, p. 317
References, p. 318
Author Index, p. 331
Subject Index, p. 334
About The Authors, p. 337